Nsɛm Titiriw
- Anti-Drone Teknɔlɔgyi Ahodoɔ Nyinaa: Russia de anti-drone system ahodoɔ – fi tumi wom electronic jammers ne radar system kɔsi ntɛm-ntɛm agyan, missiles, ne laser beam mpo – de reko tia UAV (drone) nsɛnnennen no theguardian.com reuters.com. Eyi kɔfa truck so electronic warfare (EW) units, Moscow so dan atifi missile launchers, portable “drone guns,” ne nsesaeɛ high-energy lasers.
- Electronic Warfare Di Anim: EW system a wɔde yɛ adwuma te sɛ Repellent-1 ne Silok hunu drone control signals no na wɔbɔ wɔn ho ban, ma UAV no ntumi nkɔ so wɔ mfinimfini en.wikipedia.org ukrainetoday.org. Foforɔ a aba no yɛ den sen dada no – sɛ nhwɛso no, networked CRAB system no bɔ 70–80% drones a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔto wɔn so (na dada no Silok jammers yɛ bɛyɛ 30%) efisɛ ɛde multi-band jamming ne drone signal interception bɔ mu bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com.
- Ɔman a wɔde Air Defenses ayɛ adwuma tia Drones: Russia de wɔn point-defense missile systems te sɛ Pantsir-S1 ne Tor asi beae a ɛho hia paa ho (ɛwɔ Moscow kurow mfinimfini dan atifi so mpo) de bɔ drones gu fam theguardian.com militaeraktuell.at. Pantsir a wɔahyɛ no nsakrae no betumi de 48 mini-missiles a wɔayɛ ho adwuma pɛpɛɛpɛ de atia drone bɔadeɛ kɛse no so defense.info defense.info. Agyenkuku a wɔde tete bɔ ho ban (sɛ 30mm ntwatoso akode a ɛto ntɛm) nso na wɔde bɔ UAVs a wɔtɔ fam a wɔabɛn wɔn ho.
- Frontline Force Protection: Sɛdeɛ Ukraine de first-person-view (FPV) kamikaze drones reba no, Russia de personal anti-drone akode reba. Surikat-O/P, jammer a ɔyɛ 2.75 kg a wotumi hyɛ no, ma asraafo betumi ahu drone a ɛbɛn 1 km na wɔatumi abɔ no agu fam sɛ ɛbɛn 300 m, yɛ adwuma te sɛ “electronic flak jacket” wɔ asraafo so rostec.ru rostec.ru. Tanks ne akode a wɔde ho ban no nso, wɔde Volnorez jamming modules rehyɛ wɔn so – ɛyɛ 13 kg akode ketewa a betumi atwa drone no control link na ama ɛnyɛ adwuma anaa ama ɛsian ansa na ɛbɛbɔ wɔn so armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com.
- Teknɔlɔgyi Foforɔ & Hybrid System: Mfe 2024–2025 mu, state-of-the-art counter-UAV system foforɔ bebree aba. SERP-VS6D de 360° RF detector ne automatic jamming wɔ channels nsia so bɔ mu, na ɛda ho adanse sɛ ɛtumi di swarm attacks so rostec.ru rostec.ru. Lesochek EW system (a ɛte sɛ briefcase) deɛ, ɛnnyɛ radio-triggered bomb nko ara na ɛbɔ mu, na mmom ɛtumi jam satellite navigation wɔ commercial drones so nso rostec.ru rostec.ru. Russia mpo reyɛ laser weapons nsɔhwɛ – mfe 2025 mfinimfini no, wɔyɛɛ anti-drone laser foforɔ nsɔhwɛ kɛse, na wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛka ho wɔ “unified air defense” mu efisɛ successfully destroyed test UAVs reuters.com reuters.com.
- Abɔdeɛ & Fie Mu Dwumadie: Anti-drone ahwɛdeɛ no, ɛnyɛ ɔko nkutoo – mfe 2025 mu, wɔbɔ ho amanneɛ sɛ 60–80% of major civilian industrial enterprises in Russia have installed UAV protection equipment tadviser.com. Eyi kɔ fi radio-frequency jammers a ɛbɔ power plants ne oil refineries ho ban kɔsi interceptor drones titiriw te sɛ net-tossing Volk-18 “Wolf-18” (a Almaz-Antey na ɔbɔɔ no) a wɔde bɔ rogue drones ho ban wɔ airports ne public events ho en.topwar.ru en.topwar.ru. Police ne ahwɛfoɔ de man-portable jammers daadaa da wɔ beaeɛ a ɛho hia, na mass GPS spoofing a ɛda Kremlin ho no, wɔde akɔto so akyirikyiri de gye hobby drones ho ban dada.
- Moscow Ahoɔden Ho Banbɔ: Ɛkyiri a Ukrainefo de drone bɔɔ Russia asase so, Moscow ahoɔden ho banbɔ no abɔ mu den paa. Ɛnnɛ, kurow no ho atwa ho ahyia akyirikyiri a ɛwɔ so air-defense gyinabea dodow a ɛboro 50 fi afe 2025 militaeraktuell.at. Eyi kɔfa S-400 ne S-300 tenten ho SAMs, foforɔ S-350 ne S-500, ne Pantsir-S1 a ɛyɛ ketewa air defense units bebree a wɔde bɔ “drone dome” abɔ kurow no ho ban militaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at. Pantsir bebree no wɔ atifi atenten anaa dan atifi de boa radar a ɛhwɛ fam fam de kɔ tia drone a ɛnam fam so militaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at. Electronic countermeasures te sɛ Pole-21 system no nso wɔde ahyɛ cell tower so de bɔ GPS ho ban na ɛbɔ drone a ɛreba no adwenem defense.info defense.info.
- Asɛm a ɛda so wɔ Battlefield no ho: Russia nsa ano adwuma a wɔde reko tia drone no ama wɔn anya banbɔ pa ara wɔ amaneɛ bi so – sɛ nhwɛso no, afe 2024 awieeɛ no, Russia electronic banbɔ no ka sɛ wɔtumi kyere 85–90% drone ketewa a wɔde yɛ ɔko no wɔ mfɛnsere bi so defense.info defense.info. Nanso, adwuma no yɛ fɛfɛɛfɛ. Ukrainefo no sesa wɔn kwan so (frequency-hopping signals, autonomous modes, ne nneɛma foforo) de dii jammers a wɔde yɛ adwuma tete no so, te sɛ Silok, a ɛmaa drone no tumi bubu wɔn a wɔn ankɔtumi gyinaeɛ ukrainetoday.org ukrainetoday.org. Nsɛnhyɛsofo ka sɛ Silok “nni ahoɔden sɛ ɛbɛhunu drone na ɛbɛtumi asiw no… ɛnyɛ papa koraa,” titiriw wɔ ɔko mu ukrainetoday.org. Saa bɔne ne pa a ɛda so yi ama Russia asi gyinaeɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ counter-drone adwuma foforo ntɛm, ɛberɛ a Ukrainefo no de wɔn bɔne to so ara.
Drone Bɔne a ɛreba ne Russia Mmoa a Wɔde Reboa Ho
Unmanned aerial vehicles – fi quadcopter ketewa kɔsi suicide drone a ɛtumi kɔ akyirikyiri – abɛyɛ ɔko akɛse wɔ Russia ne Ukraine ɔko no mu, na Russia ankasa nso rehu amane fi soro. Ukraine asraafo de drone ayɛ wɔn adwuma titiriw, de yɛ biribiara fi front line nhwehwɛmu ne artillery a wɔde drone kyerɛ kwan, kɔsi akɔtɔ so a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri wɔ airbase, oil depot, ne Moscow mfinimfini mpo so. Afe mmienu a atwam no, Ukraine drone akɔ so abubu Russia banbɔ na atwa akyirikyiri akɔbɔ adeɛ a ɛsom bo wɔ Russia mu reuters.com. Saa bɔne a ɛda so yi ama Russia ahyɛ ne ho so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ adwuma ntɛm wɔ banbɔ nyinaa so – te sɛ adwuma a wɔde bɔ nkɔmhyɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ asraafo ne kurow so ban fi drone a ɛreba soro.
Moscow ho nhyehyɛ no ne sɛ wɔde ɔkwan biara a ɛbɛtumi aboa bɛto asɛm no so, na wɔrebɔ “anti-drone shield” a ɛwɔ mpɔtam pii. Sɛnea President Putin ka no, Russia reboaboa ho ano sɛ ɔbɛyɛ “universal air defence system” a ɛbɛtumi atia mframa bɔne a ɛreba (titiriw no, drones) nyinaa reuters.com. Sɛ yɛde bɛyɛ adwuma no, ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔrehyɛ atade a wɔde bɔ mframa ho ban dada no den na wɔde nneɛma foforo ka ho: wɔahyɛ atade a ɛbɔ mframa ho ban a ɛbɛn hɔ den wɔ mmeae a ɛho hia, wɔde electronic warfare units ahyɛ baabiara, na R&D wɔ anti-drone akode a ɛyɛ futuristic (fi laser guns kɔsi interceptor drones) nso ayɛ den. “Eye sɛ wopɛ adwene kan ansa na asɛe no aba, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wopɛ adwene akyi,” pro-Kremlin military blogger bi kae, bere a drones a wɔde fi fie bɛbɔ Russia ho mmirika fii sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛnyɛ yie kɔsi sɛ ɛbɛyɛ dɛɛdɛɛdɛ wɔ 2023 theguardian.com theguardian.com. Ɛha, yɛbɛhwɛ Russia counter-drone akode no nyinaa – ne nkyekyɛmu, baabi a wɔde gu, ne sɛnea ɛreyɛ adwuma ankasa.
Electronic Warfare Systems: Drones ho Jamming ne Sɛ Wɔfa Drone no So
Electronic warfare abɛyɛ Russia banbɔ a edi kan tia drones. Sɛ wɔde radio ne GPS a UAVs de di dwuma no bɔ hyehyeɛ a, EW systems betumi ama drones no antumi nnyɛ adwuma a wonnto agyina – na eyi yɛ nea ɛyɛ dɛ efisɛ drones a atamfo de reba no dɔɔso na sika a ɛfa missile biara so yɛ kɛse. Afe du a atwam no, Russia de sika pii gu EW so, na wɔde jammers a wɔka sɛ ɛyɛ den sen biara wɔ wiase no bae. Nanso, Ukraine de drones a ɛyɛ commercial na ɛyɛ kwa a ɛyɛ den wɔ 2022 no daadaa Russia EW ho na ɛda nkyɛn sɛ wɔn ho nhyehyɛe ne wɔn adwuma bɔ no defense.info defense.info. Efi saa bere no, Moscow asakra ntɛm, na wɔde anti-UAV electronic warfare platforms foforo aba, na wɔde EW units de kɔ baabi a asraafodɔm no wɔ de atia “drones everywhere” wɔ battlefield a ɛyɛ modern no defense.info defense.info.
Nkɔntabuo Kɛse a Wɔde Trak Tenten So: Baako a ɛwɔ Russian EW (Electronic Warfare) nsɛmma nhyehyɛe no mu ne de a wɔde yɛ hwɛ ne sɛe drone a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri fi nnwuma a ɛda so wɔ trak tenten so. Ɛho nhwɛso titiriw ne Repellent-1, trak a ne bo yɛ 20-ton a wɔde bɛtoo hɔ wɔ 2016 de dii dwuma tia-UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) ho en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org. Repellent-1 no, ne mast so sensors betumi agye drone ketewa a wɔde remote di dwuma no nsɛm fi 35 km akyirikyiri, na ɛno akyi no, ɛbɛsɔre atia drone no nkɔntabuo ne n’akwantuo ho nsɛm wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn ~2.5 km en.wikipedia.org. Ɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ “tumi ho ban” a ɛyɛ elektroniki: ɛhunu UAV a ɛreba fi akyirikyiri, na ɛsɛe wɔn data nkɔntabuo sɛ wɔrebɛn. System no antenna ne dish emitters no, wɔde no da 8×8 trak (MAZ anaa KAMAZ chassis) so a ne cabin yɛ dade na ɛwɔ NBC (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) ho ban en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org. Russia de Repellent-1 kɔɔ ɔko mmerebea te sɛ Donbas ne Syria wɔ 2010s no awiei, nanso ne tumi daadaa wɔn efisɛ ne ho yɛ tia wɔ akyirikyiri – ɛtumi hwɛ ɔsoro a ɛso dodo, nanso ɛtumi gyina drone ano wɔ baabi ketewa a ɛbɛn trak no ho pɛ. Ntoasofo foforo anaa nsɛmma foforo (a wɔfrɛ no “Repellent-Patrol” wɔ media mu) wɔka sɛ wɔreyɛ adwuma so de bɛkɔ akyirikyiri kɛse so.
Ɛda ho adi sɛ ɔmanfoɔ bɛnfoɔ bi nso ne 1L269 Krasukha abusua no – ɛnyɛ deɛ wɔbɔɔ no ho adwene sɛ ɔbɛdi dwuma tiaa-drone so, nanso ɛho hia paa. Krasukha-2 ne -4 yɛ tumiwura EW (Electronic Warfare) gyinabea a wɔde gu 4-axle trɔk so, na wɔn adwuma titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛma radar hwɛbea (te sɛ AWACS plane anaa spy satellite) en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org anhu biribiara. Nanso, wɔaka sɛ Krasukha no nso de no bɔ GPS ne radio nkɔmmɔ a drone kɛse de di dwuma no ho ban. Wɔ Syria, Amerikafoɔ bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ Krasukha ne ne nnamfoɔ no bɔɔ Amerikafoɔ drone ketewa a wɔde hwɛ ade no GPS ho ban, na ɛmaa Turkish Bayraktar TB2 bi mpo bubu fam efisɛ wɔtwaeɛ ne control nkɔmmɔ no so en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org. Wɔ Ukraine ko no mu, Krasukha-4 bi na wɔde sii Kyiv ho ntɛm – nanso wɔgyaa hɔ na Ukrainefoɔ kɔfaa no wɔ 2022, na ɛmaa atitiriw a wɔwɔ atifi fam hunuu nsɛm pii fa jammer kɛse yi ho en.wikipedia.org bulgarianmilitary.com. Krasukha tumi bɔ radar ho ban a ne ho tɔ so ahyɛ kilometer apem pii, enti ɛyɛ den dodo ma quadcopter, nanso ɛkyerɛ Russia adwene: mma ɔtamfoɔ nnya kwan mma ɔde electromagnetic spectrum biara a ɛwɔ wo so no nni dwuma. Wɔaka sɛ Krasukha betumi abɔ satellite a ɛwɔ fam fam ho ban na ama electronics no ayɛ dɛdɛdɛ efisɛ ne tumi yɛ kɛse en.wikipedia.org. Ɛberɛ a ɛyɛ 2023 no, Russia de Krasukha ne “Sapphire” EW system a ɛfa ho retoa kɔma nnamfoɔ, na wɔde bi kɔma Iran nso en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org – ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ gyidi wɔ system yi tumi mu.
Tactical ne Mid-Range Jammers: Sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔkata anim akodɔm ne akyirikyiri no, Russia de EW units a ɛyɛ ketewa na ɛwɔ bebree na ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ den. Baako a wɔde di dwuma paa ne R-330Zh “Zhitel” jammer (ne nea ɛyɛ foforo R-330M1P Diabazol), a ɛto UAV control frequencies ne GPS bands kɔ akyirikyiri a ɛboro kilomita kakra; wɔhunuu saa jammer yi wɔ Ukraine fi 2014. Bi a wɔde yɛ adwuma titiriw ne Silok series – Silok-01 bae bɛyɛ 2018 sɛ jammer a wɔde bɔ UAV ho ban ma asraafo a wɔwɔ fam ukrainetoday.org. Silok system no yɛ directional antennas (wɔ tripod anaa ɔkɔtɔ so) ne control module a ɛhwehwɛ UAV radio links no ho hoɔden ho. Sɛnea Russia yɛɛ training no, Silok baako betumi ahu ne ajam drones du (10) pɛ wɔ bere koro mu, na ɛbɔ ban bɔɔ a ne ho yɛ kilomita 4 (2.5 mi) fɛfɛɛfɛ ukrainetoday.org ukrainetoday.org. Te sɛ nea ɛda ho adi no, ɛyɛ “set na gyae” device: sɛ wode to so a, ɛteɛteɛ na ɛte drone controller signals (Wi-Fi bands, RC frequencies, ne afoforo) na sɛ ɛhunu bi a, ɛde noise bɔ channel no so na ɛtwa connection no. Silok units no yɛɛ adwuma dodo wɔ Ukraine – na wɔsɛe dodo. Ukraine asraafo hwehwɛɛ wɔn na wɔde loitering munitions ne quadcopters ketewa a wɔde grenades gu so, na mpɛn pii wɔtumi faa Silok jammer no ho fi sɛ wɔsesaa frequency anaa wɔde drone a ɛyɛ autonomous. Sɛnea Ukraine asraafo ka kɔkɔɔ no, “sɛnea ɛda no adi no, saa [Russia EW] ɛyɛ adwuma pɛ wɔ Russia training grounds nko ara” – kyerɛ sɛ wɔ battlefield a ɛyɛ hyehye no, Silok no mpɛn pii antumi anyɛ adwuma ukrainetoday.org ukrainetoday.org. Silok-01 bebree wɔsɛe anaa wɔkyere wɔn nkwa mu (baako no Ukraine 128th Mountain Brigade faa so wɔ 2022 awieeɛ ukrainetoday.org), na ɛmaa Kyiv huu sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma. Eyi betumi ayɛ baako a ɛma Russia yɛɛ Silok-02, a ɛyɛ model a wɔbɔɔ ho ban na ɛka systems titiriw te sɛ CRAB ho (yebɛka ho bio akyire) bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com.
Abakɛse bi a ɛwɔ Russia de tia drone – titiriw no de a wɔde GPS di dwuma anaa munitions – ne Pole-21 electronic countermeasures network no. Pole-21 yɛ jamming system a wɔatɔ n’ano mu: wɔde jammer ketewa bebree si cell tower, radio mast, ne dan atifi so de bɔ GPS ho basabasa wɔ ɛhe na ɛkɛse defense.info wesodonnell.com. Ɛnyɛ transmitter kɛse baako pɛ, Pole-21 yɛ emitters bebree a wɔbɔ baabiara a ɛte sɛ kurow anaa base nyinaa ho ban. Nokware mu no, ɛyɛ “GPS denial dome” a ɛma drone a ɛreba no ntumi nnya kwan pa so. Wɔka sɛ Pole-21 node biara tumi de 20–30 W na ɛtumi bɔ GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, ne BeiDou ho basabasa wɔ 25 km ho per node defense.info. Russia de Pole-21 hyɛɛ Syria mu base a ɛho hia ho ban, na afei nso wɔde asi Moscow ne baabi a ɛho hia (ɛda adi sɛ GPS app a nkurɔfo de di dwuma no bɛyɛ fɛw wɔ saa mmeae no). Bere bi mu, Russia asraafo sii Pole-21 array wɔ Ukraine anafo fam a wɔafa so – na Ukraine de GPS-guided HIMARS bɔɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ de bubuu no mu forbes.com. Ɛyɛ anika: jammer a Russia de pɛ sɛ ɔbɔ GPS-guided akode ho ban no, na GPS na wɔde hwehwɛɛ no so, kyerɛ sɛ ebia na ɛnyɛ adwuma anaa ɛnyɛ den paa GPS na wɔde hwehwɛɛ no so, forbes.com. Nanso, Pole-21 da so yɛ Russia ho ban a ɛho hia paa, ma drone a ɔtamfo de ba no bɛsesa ne kwan anaa wɔbɛyɛ no sɛ ɔbɛyera ne kwan odin.tradoc.army.mil.
Nkɔmɔbea Foforɔ (2024–25): Bere a Russia huu ne EW akodeɛ mmerɛ ne mmerɛhunu wɔ Ukraine, wotumi yɛɛ ntɛm de nkɔmɔbea anti-drone foforɔ baeɛ. Baako a ɛda so kɔ anim ne “CRAB” a wɔkaeɛ no – nkɔmɔbea EW a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ foforɔ a na ɛyɛ foforɔ koraa ma Ukrainfoɔ anhu ne ho hwee kɔsi sɛ wotumi kyeree baako wɔ ɔko a wɔyɛɛ no brɛoo wɔ 2025 abɔsantem bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. CRAB (ɛbɛyɛ din anaa acronym) na wɔde kɔ Russia 49th Army wɔ Kherson de dii Ukraine FPV drone bɔne ho dwuma bulgarianmilitary.com. Sɛnea nkɔmɔbea a ɛda ho ara te no, CRAB yɛ nkɔmɔbea a wɔde ntwatoso, na ɛwɔ mpɔtam mpɔtam: ɛbɔ nkɔmɔbea bebree ho – nkɔmɔbea a ɛtumi hu adeɛ akyirikyiri, nkɔmɔbea a ɛtumi gye nsɛm pa, nkɔmɔbea a ɛtumi yɛ den (Silok-02 units ka ho) – na ɛtumi bɔ nkɔmɔbea foforɔ ho sɛ reconnaissance drones nso bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. Sɛnea krataa a wɔde gua (a Intelligence Online de guan baeɛ) kyerɛ no, CRAB tumi hu drones a ɛba ne mpɔtam mu bɛboro 95% na tumi bu wɔn nsɛm gu 70–80% bere nyinaa, a ɛyɛ nkɔanim kɛseɛ sen nkɔmɔbea a na ɛda ho dada no bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. Ɛde antena a ɛkyerɛ baabi na software-defined radios (HackRF modules) di dwuma de kyere FPV drone video feed, kyerɛ sɛ wɔtumi tie nea atamfo drone pilot hu no ara pɛ bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. Russiafoɔ a wɔde di dwuma tumi de ho hwehwɛ baabi a drone no fi anaa tumi gye ne video feed no. CRAB nkɔmɔbea tumi kata drone a wɔde yɛ adwuma a wɔde yɛ adwuma no nsɛm nyinaa so, na tumi hu drone control nsɛm 25+ km akyirikyiri, ma wɔnya ntɛm hunu ne ho na wɔtumi yɛ biribi <a href="https://bulbulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. Ɛho hia sɛ, CRAB no abom Russia ankasa UAVs (Orlan-10/30, ne afoforo) ne wɔn nkɔmmɔdeɛ ntwatoso ho, na ɛbɔ real-time sensor grid – wɔn ankasa drones no hwehwɛ atamfo na wɔde data no ma CRAB, na CRAB no nso kyerɛkyerɛ wɔn ankasa asraafo anaa ma air defenses ahu atamfo no bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com. Eyi bɔ Russia ho banbɔ a wɔde network-centric warfare reba mu, faako a ɛhe na nsɛmma nhyehyɛe no bɔ data ho nkɔmmɔ na wɔde jam bɔ ho ban kɛkɛ bere a ɛho hia de dwudwo nsɛmmɔne rostec.ru rostec.ru. Ukraine nsa kɔfae CRAB unit bi yɛɛ nkɔso kɛse; adwenefo kae sɛ ɛyɛ Russia deɛ ɛyɛ “sophisticated leaps” a ɛwɔ EW technology mu de besi nnɛ, na ɛyɛ mmuaeɛ a wɔde ma FPV drones ketewa a ɛreha Russia asraafo wɔ trenches no bulgarianmilitary.com bulgarianmilitary.com.
Wɔ ketewa so no, Russia adwumayɛfo de man-portable ne mpoa a wɔtumi hyɛ no jammers aba de bɛboaboa akodifoɔ ne akɔtɔkyini ho ban. Lesochek EW system a wɔda no adi wɔ 2024 mu no, ne kɛse te sɛ briefcase na wobetumi de asi akɔtɔkyini so anaa akodifoɔ bɛso wɔ backpack mu rostec.ru rostec.ru. Ɛyɛɛ counter-IED jammer (de bɔ radio-triggered roadside bombs ho ban) pɛ, nanso wɔakɔso aboa ma ɛtumi bɔ drone navigation ne control channels ho ban nso rostec.ru rostec.ru. Lesochek betumi de broadband white noise atwa HF/VHF/UHF bands ho hyia, ma ɛbɛma drones ne detonation signals a ɛbɛn convoy no ho adum rostec.ru rostec.ru. Nea ɛyɛ foforo ne Surikat-O/P, ɛyɛ mpoa a wobetumi ahyɛ no ampa anti-drone system a Russia adwumayɛfo fii ase sɔ hwɛɛ no wɔ 2024. Ne bo yɛ 3 kg fam, Surikat yɛ mmienu nketewa (detector ne jammer) ne battery pack a akodifoɔ betumi de ahyɛ wɔn tactical vest so rostec.ru rostec.ru. Ɛbɛka akodifoɔ no ho sɛ ɔtamfo drone bɛn no (1 km mu) na ɛma no tumi de jamming burst a ɛda so bɔ no ho ban wɔ ~300 m akyirikyiri rostec.ru rostec.ru. Adwene no ne sɛ wɔbɛma squad biara akyirikyiri ban tia quadcopters bɔne a ɛbɛda wɔn so mpofirim. “Akodifoɔ ho ban na ɛyɛ adwuma titiriw wɔ front line so,” na Natalia Kotlyar, a ɔyɛ adwumayɛni wɔ Vector Institute, kae, de kɔka ho sɛ adeɛ te sɛ eyi “ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛda so wɔ akodie baabi te sɛ helmet ne bulletproof vest.” <a href="https://rostec.ru/en/merostec.ru. Ampa, Russia pɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ Surikat no dodo ma platoon biara anya drone early-warning ne jamming tumi bere a wɔrekɔ so rostec.ru. Battery nkwa (12 dɔnhwere sensing, 1.5 dɔnhwere jamming) ne ne mmerɛw bo ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma infantryfoɔ sɛ wɔde bɛso a ɛrenyɛ wɔn dɛw rostec.ru rostec.ru.
Náno, Russia EW lineup no bɛyɛ pɛ sɛ handheld “anti-drone guns” a atɔ so wɔ wiase nyinaa no nni ho. Russia mpɔtam hɔfo bebree na wɔyɛ rifle-te sɛ jamming devices a ɔsraani anaa police bɛtumi de akyerɛ drone de bubu ne radio control, video, ne GPS. Baako a edi kan ne REX-1, a ZALA Aero (Kalashnikov subsidiary) na ɔbɔɔ no, na ɛte sɛ sci-fi rifle a ɛwɔ antennas bebree. REX-1 no yɛ ~4 kg, na ɛtumi jam satellite navigation wɔ 5 km ho na ɛtumi twa drone connection kɔ 1 km, ma drones ketewa pii bɛhwe ase anaa wɔbɛyɛ lose control armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com. Ne battery tumi yɛ adwuma bɛyɛ 3 hours armyrecognition.com. Model foforo a ɛbae akyiri yi, REX-2, yɛ compact version a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛso. Rostec Avtomatika Concern (a ɔyɛ communications ho adwuma) de bae Pishchal-PRO, a wɔfrɛ no “the lightest handheld anti-drone gun on the market” – ɛte sɛ futuristic crossbow, na ne bo yɛ 3 kg. Pishchal (kyerɛ “flintlock”) tumi jam 11 frequency bands na wɔda no adi wɔ Abu Dhabi IDEX-2023 expo, na ne yɛfo kae sɛ ɛno na “is the best portable anti-drone system” wɔ power ne range ho sɛnea ne size te defensemirror.com vpk.name. Foforo a wɔda no adi kyerɛɛ President Putin wɔ 2019 ne Garpun-2M portable jammer. Garpun (kyerɛ “harpoon”) yɛ backpack a wode hyɛ wo ho na wode shoulder-mounted directional antenna, na ɛno de boasts some finesse: ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ 8 frequency bands na ne beam yɛ ketewa de bɔ interference ho ban, na battery biara tumi yɛ jamming bɛyɛ 60 minutes armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com. Range no yɛ 500 m pɛ, nanso ɛtumi ka multi-layer defense network ho de relay target info kɔma afoforo armyrecognition.com. Na ɛnsɛ sɛ yɛwerɛ fi: “Stupor” electromagnetic rifle – kɛse, square-barreled anti-drone gun a Russian Ministry of Defense de too hɔ, na wɔde fii dwumadi mu bɛyɛ 2017–2019 armyrecognition.com. Stupor (din no kyerɛ “to numb”) de directed RF pulses bɔ drone no so ma ɛntumi nni dwuma. Russian asraafo a wɔwɔ Ukraine no, wɔafa wɔn mfonini a wɔde saa nneɛma ahorow yi ho, kyerɛ sɛ jamming yɛ ɔkwan titiriw a Russia de di dwuma fi soro kɔsi fam wɔ wɔn anti-UAV nhyehyɛe mu.
Kinetic Interceptors: Guns, Missiles and More
Násoɔ a wɔde yɛ adwuma (jamming, spoofing) yɛ deɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔde bɔ drone no ho ban a ɛnyɛ den, na ɛda biara ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ so na bɔ wɔn atɔe – titiriw sɛ drone no de ne ho kɔ baabi a ɛyɛ target anaa sɛ ɛyɛ kɛse a ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛ jam no. Esiane eyi nti, Russia asesa ne air defense weapons bebree de ayɛ drone interceptor. Nsɛnhia no deɛ, ɛyɛ sika ne dodow: sɛ wokɔfa missile a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ tenten de kunkum drone a ne bo yɛ $5,000 a, ɛnyɛ adwuma pa, titiriw sɛ drones bebree reba mpɛn baako. Esiane eyi nti, Russia de ne kinetic ho dwuma asi rapid-fire, short-range systems ne interceptors a wɔn bo yɛ dɔɔso na ɛyɛ mmerɛw de bɛboa EW umbrella no ho.
Anti-Aircraft Missiles and Artillery: Russia de Pantsir-S1 system yɛ ne point air defense titiriw – ɛyɛ truck so air-defense module a ɛde twin 30mm autocannons ne 12 missiles a wɔde bɛto hɔ. Wɔbɔɔ ho fɛre sɛ ɛbɛbɔ baabi a ɛsom bo ho ban fi ntɛm-ntɛm mframa nkrante ne cruise missiles ho, na ɛbaa sɛ Pantsir no nso yɛ Russia drone killer titiriw. Ɛwɔ onboard radar ne electro-optical trackers a ɛtumi hu UAV ketewa, na ne 30mm cannons betumi atow bɔɔl bebree de bubu ade a ɛretu fam (nanso sɛ wobɛbɔ drone ketewa bi a, ɛyɛ den). 2023 mfiase, mfonini baa abɔnten a ɛda ho adi sɛ wɔde Pantsir-S1 units sesaa kɔɔ Moscow dan atifi – kɔfa MoD headquarters ne central buildings so – sɛ akyirikyiri banbɔ a ɛwɔ kurow no ho theguardian.com theguardian.com. Asraafo no gyee tom sɛ short-range AD a wɔde sii hɔ no, ɛnyɛ missiles ne mframa nkrante nkutoo, na mmom “wobetumi de atia target ketewa te sɛ drones” efisɛ UAV “abɛyɛ ade a ɛda hɔ daa wɔ asraafo akyirikyiri” theguardian.com theguardian.com. Nokware mu no, Moscow sesaa ne kurow mfinimfini yɛɛ “fortress” a Pantsir batteries redwene sɛ wobɛtow bɔɔl atia drone biara a ɛreba. Moscow akyi, wɔde Pantsir ahyɛ strategic bases ho ban (sɛdeɛ ɛbɛbɔ S-400 SAM sites ne airports ho ban) ne asraafo akyirikyiri de bɔ field headquarters ne rear depots ho ban. Wɔanya nkɔso bi – Russia amanneɛbɔ ka sɛ Pantsir atow Ukrainian drones bebree – nanso wɔanya mfomso nso (Pantsir units kakra ara nso na Ukraine atow atɔe anaa loitering munitions atɔ wɔn so bere a wɔreboaboa bɔɔl ano anaa wɔanhwɛ kwan pa centcomcitadel.com).
Na Russia abɔ mmɔden de reboa nkɔntɔnketenkete a ɛyɛ ketewa no yie, wɔayɛ abɔdeɛ foforɔ ne bɔmbɔ. Pantsir a wɔasiesie no foforɔ (a nkurɔfo frɛ no Pantsir-SM anaa S1M) na wɔda no adi a ɛwɔ quad-pack launcher tubes a ɛde mini-missiles defense.info. Ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ 12 abɔdeɛ kɛseɛ, na ɛbɛtumi de 48 abɔdeɛ ketewa drone-interceptor missiles, biara de, ɛwɔ tumi ne bɔmbɔ ketewa a ɛbɛtumi atwa UAV bi so a ɛnyɛ sika dodo defense.info defense.info. Eyi te sɛ nea aman foforɔ (te sɛ US NASAMS a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔde AIM-132 dart ne afoforɔ di dwuma) reyɛ de “ɛnyɛ sɛ wokɔfa abɛtɔre kɛse bɔ ntontom ketewa.” Mini-missiles yi ho nsɛm pii nni hɔ, nanso wɔn ho hwehwɛfo ahu wɔn: “…de missiles a ɛbɛduru 48 a ɛyɛ tenten ketewa no, Pantsir air defense system no ayɛ dɛ wɔde bɛtumi atwa ntontom bɔne bebree so.” militaeraktuell.at. Wɔ asase so, abɔdeɛ a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma tete wɔ Soviet bere so no nso, wɔde reko ntontom so. ZU-23-2 twin 23mm cannon, abɔdeɛ a wɔde bɔɔ dadeɛ wɔ 1960s, na nkurɔfo hu no wɔ trucks so anaa wɔde asi afasuo ho sɛ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw de bɔ ntontom a ɛyɛ ketewa, a ɛnantew brɛoo. Ne bɔ a ɛyɛ ntɛm ma ɛbɛtumi abɔ ntontom a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ flak). Saa ara nso na Shilka self-propelled AA vehicles (4× 23mm cannons a ɛda tracked chassis so) nso, nkurɔfo ahu wɔn abɛn anim, wɔrebo UAVs a wɔbɛn 2–2.5 km ho. Eyi nyinaa yɛ abɔdeɛ a ɛbɛn ho na ɛyɛ de akyire, sɛ jammers anaa missiles no antumi ankyere ntontom no a, na ɛyɛ ɔkwan a ɛto so a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma.
Ma ɛyɛ kɛse “one-way” atuduro drones (te sɛ Iranian-na wɔyɛɛ Shahed-136 delta-wing drones a Russia de di Ukraine so), Russia betumi de ne medium-range SAMs te sɛ Tor-M2 anaa Buk-M2/3 adi dwuma. Nokware mu, Ukraine mpanyimfo aka sɛ Russia air defenses bɔ Ukraine atuduro ne missiles a wɔtow fi akyirikyiri no mu pii gu fam – ɛwom sɛ statistics no yɛ dɛdɛɛdɛ, Russia mpɛn pii ka sɛ wɔbɔ pii gu fam. Defense think tank bi dwumadi kyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ 2024 no, Russia’s layered defenses (titiriw electronic warfare a wɔde SAMs ka ho) reboa ma 85–90% of small ne mid-size drones no ntumi mmɛyɛ bɔne, na ɛma Ukraine mframa so atuduro bɔne pii no yɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyɛ defense.info defense.info. Eyi betumi akyerɛ drones te sɛ UJ-22 anaa UAVs foforo a Ukraine de kɔtow Russia kurow so, a pii no wɔbɔ gu fam anaa wɔyɛ wɔn adwene so (nanso ɛnyɛ nyinaa, efisɛ airbases ne infrastructure so bɔne a ɛkɔ so da no adi).
Interceptor Drones (“Drone-on-Drone” Defense): Ɛyɛ ɔkwan foforo a ɛyɛ foforɔ na ɛte sɛ science fiction kakra sɛ wɔde drones rekyere drones. Russia ne Ukraine nyinaa retwɛn ho sɛ wɔbɛde saa interceptor UAVs yi a wobetumi ahwehwɛ atamfo drones ho wɔn ho ara forbes.com unmannedairspace.info. Russia mu baako a ɛda anim ne Volk-18 “Wolf-18” interceptor drone a Almaz-Antey (a ɛyɛ missile yɛfoɔ) na ɔde bae. Wolf-18 yɛ quadcopter drone ketewa a wɔde optical sight ne akodeɛ bi a ɛyɛ fɛfɛɛfɛ: ɛso wɔ net-carrying projectiles a wobetumi atow de akyekyere drone foforɔ rotor en.topwar.ru en.topwar.ru. Sɔhwɛ mu no, Wolf-18 kyerɛɛ sɛ ɛbɛtumi ahu ne atamfo drone, atwɛn akyi, atow net akyekyere anaa abɔ no, na sɛ ɛnyɛ yiye a, ɛbɛtumi abɔ atamfo no ho pintinn sɛ ɔkwan a ɛto so a ɛkyɛre en.topwar.ru en.topwar.ru. Net no yɛ papa wɔ kurow mu – sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔremmɔ drone no (na ɛde debris ne bɔllɛ bɛgu hɔ), net bɛtumi ama wɔatumi agye no a ɛyɛ den. Wolf-18 a wɔyɛɛ no sɔhwɛ no twaa ne ho nsɛm mu na “combat” sɔhwɛ nso wɔ 2021 na wɔde rekɔ state trials, na wɔn a wɔyɛɛ no no kae sɛ deɛ edi kan bɛyɛ sɛ wɔde bɛbɔ kurow airports ho ban fi atamfo drones ho uasvision.com uasvision.com. Ampa ara, Russia media ka kyerɛɛ sɛ net-drone no bɛyɛ airports ne nsase a ɛho hia ho banbɔfoɔ tia UAVs uasvision.com. Drone no yɛ ketewa paa (bɛyɛ 60 cm tenten, 6 kg duru) na ɛtumi tu bɛyɛ dɔnhwereba baako en.topwar.ru <a href="https://en.topwar.ru/179892-bespilotnik-perehvatchik-volk-18-jeffektivnyj-i-avtonomnyj.html#:~:text=The%20length%20and%20width%20of,with%20patrolɛbɛtumi ayɛ adwuma ankasa wɔ beae a wɔahyɛ ho ban na ɛhɔ ara na ɛhia sɛ ɔpɛretɛ no ma kwan sɛ ɔnkɔ so nkɔbɔ, ɛnam AI-kyerɛkyerɛde so en.topwar.ru en.topwar.ru. Ɛfiri afe 2023–24, Almaz-Antey asesa Wolf-18 de asiesie no yie na ama ɛanya nsusui pa na ama atumi akyekyere test drone; wɔkae sɛ wɔbɛtumi asɔre ayɛ dodoɔ no sɛ aban ahwehwɛ no wie a en.topwar.ru en.topwar.ru. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ Wolf-18 anaa drone a ɛte saa no betumi aka adwuma kakra, bɛhwɛ akyirikyiri anaa beae a ɛho hia a ɛnyɛ papa sɛ wɔbɛto drone bi ase (sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ drone bɔne bi bɛn airport runway – net drone betumi de no bɛfam a wɔremfa bɔntene).
Ɛwɔ hɔ nsɛm foforɔ a wɔaka afa nsɛmfua a ɛyɛ nwonwa ho nso. Russiafo adwumayɛfo akyerɛw nsɛm a ɛfa biribiara ho fi anti-drone UAVs a wɔde shotgun bɔta kɔsi drones a wɔde electronic warfare nneɛma hyɛ mu a ɛtumi tu kɔ atamfo drone ho na ɛtumi yɛ jam no bɛn ho. Wɔ afe 2023 mu, Russiafo beae bi mpo kae sɛ wɔre-sɔ “24-barrel anti-drone turret” a ɛde laser dazzler ne electronic jammer bɔ mu – ɛyɛ sɛ gyinabea robot a ɛtumi ko atia drones bebree (nanso ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ nsɛnhyɛso) facebook.com. Bio nso, Russia akyerɛ sɛ wɔwɔ anigye wɔ loitering munitions a wɔde yɛ interceptor drones ho – de kamikaze drone ketewa bi kɔbɔ atamfo UAV. Ɛte sɛ nea wopɛ sɛ wode bɔta bɔ bɔta, nanso sɛ drones no yɛ mpɔtam a, ɛbɛtumi ayɛ adwuma. Wɔ Ukraine front no, Russiafo unit bi de wɔn ankasa Lancet strike drones ahwɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi atia Ukrainefo UAVs. Saa field yi reyɛ ntɛm so nsakrae wɔ mpɔtam abien no so.
Tumi akenkan ho ahoɔden (Lasers): Ewiei no, Russia abɔ dawuru ne hoahoa ho sɛ wɔwɔ tumi akenkan ho akodeɛ de bɛtɔ drones so. Ɛbɛyɛ May 2022 a, ɛberɛ a na Deputy PM Yuri Borisov no ka sɛ Russia de laser foforɔ bi a wɔfrɛ no “Zadira” de kɔɔ Ukraine a ɛ“bɔɔ” drone bi a ɛwɔ 5 km akyirikyiri aseɛ wɔ mmere tiaa mu defensenews.com defensenews.com. Nanso, nnipa annye saa asɛm no nni, efisɛ wonkyerɛɛ adanseɛ biara na laser a ɛtumi yɛ adwuma 5 km so nyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛde ato akwan so. Nanso, afe 2023–24 mu no, Russia daa laser so atumfoɔ ho banbɔ mu nkɔsoɔ bi adi. Afe 2025 mfinimfini no, aban no kae sɛ wɔyɛɛ laser foforɔ ho sɔhwɛ kɛseɛ wɔ drones ahorow so wɔ nsakraeɛ mu reuters.com reuters.com. Video bi kyerɛɛ sɛ drone bi hyehyee, na abanfoɔ frɛɛ saa tɛknɔlɔgyi no “deɛ ɛda ho anim,” kae sɛ wobɛma no ayɛ dodoɔ na wɔde bɛka Russia atumfoɔ ho banbɔ nyinaa ho reuters.com reuters.com. Ɔmanpanyin Putin ankasa frɛɛ sɛ wɔntwɛn ntɛm mmɛyɛ saa “tumi akenkan ho” banbɔ yi. Akodeɛ biako a wɔka ho asɛm sɛ wɔreboaboa ho ano ne “Posokh” – a wɔka sɛ laser atumfoɔ ho banbɔ a wɔde reyɛ sɔhwɛ understandingwar.org. Ɛyɛ anika sɛ, nsɛm bi kyerɛ sɛ Russia betumi de abɔfoɔ tɛknɔlɔgyi reboa ho: afe 2025 mu video bi puee (Telegram so) a ɛkyerɛ sɛ China na wɔyɛɛ Silent Hunter 30kW laser no na Russia asraafoɔ de no reyɛ adwuma laserwars.net laserwars.net. Silent Hunter yɛ China de anti-drone laser a ɛtumi bɔ UAVs so kɔ 4 km so de hye wɔn nipadua anaa wɔn sensors. Sɛ Russia de bi aba a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ drone ho ko no ayɛ den paa – kosi sɛ wɔde wɔn ho kɔtɔ tɛknɔlɔgyi a ɛyɛ den fi aburokyire, ɛwom sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɔ ban. Nanso, lasers a Russia wɔ no, ɛda so yɛ boafoɔ ne sɔhwɛ mu deɛ. Nsakraeɛ (suma, osu, sukyerɛmma) betumi ama wɔn ho yɛ den, na wɔn tumi kɛseɛ no, ɛda so yɛ tia (1–2 km a wotumi gyina so)Nanso sɛ drone bɔadeɛ no dɔɔso a, high-energy lasers de ammunition a ɛnsa da (just power) ne speed-of-light engagement bɛma ho dɛ. Yɛbɛtumi ahwɛ kwan sɛ Russia bɛkɔ so de sika gu ho, pɛ sɛ daakye no, drone a ɛnyɛ sika so no, wobetumi atutu wɔn fi soro pii a wɔmfa missiles a ɛyɛ sika so no nsi ho.
Ɔman no ho Banbɔ: Fi Mfront no so kɔsi Moscow
Russia de wɔn anti-drone nhyehyɛe no, ɛnyɛ akode nkutoo na ɛwɔ ho; ɛfa so sɛ wɔde bɛto he na wɔde bɛyɛ dɛn de dwuma nso ho. Kɛseɛ, ɛwɔ hɔ mmerɛeɛ abiɛsa a ɛho hia: ɔko no mu wɔ Ukraine, mpɔtam hyeɛ ne beaeɛ a ɛho hia (petroleum depots, mframa hyɛbea, dumsiesiebea), ne kurow titiriw te sɛ Moscow. Biara de, ne nsɛnhia ho nhyehyɛe foforɔ na wɔde abɛto hɔ.
Soro ne Battlefield Dwumadie: Wɔ Ukraine soro no, Russia asraafo hyia ahanan pii a wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne bɔne-drone da biara. Nkɛntɛnketɛ quadcopter ketewa no gyina hɔ de toogye gu trenches mu; FPV drone no de hohoro kɔ tank so na ɛbɔ bo; UAV kɛse no de hwɛ artillery no. Sɛdeɛ ɛte no, Russia de counter-UAV nhyehyɛe ahyɛ ne asraafo akuw nyinaa mu defense.info defense.info. Wɔ platoon/company level no, asraafo pii wɔ drone ho kɔkɔbɔ nhyehyɛe na wɔde portable jammer (te sɛ Stupor anaa Surikat foforo) di dwuma bere a ɔhaw no bɛn. Wɔasakra sɛnea wɔde camouflage yɛ adwuma – Russia armored vehicles bebree akata wɔn ho wɔ “birdcage” wire screen a wɔayɛ ntɛm ne anti-drone netting de bɔ anaa kyere drone a ɛreba (nea wɔfrɛ no “cope cages” anaa “turtle tanks” nhyehyɛe) defense.info defense.info. Electronic warfare akuw a na wɔda brigade anaa division level no, seesei wɔde wɔn abɛkan anim sɛ “trench-level” EW akuw, na wɔde Silok ne Lesochek jammer no di dwuma bɛn soro defense.info defense.info. Saa decentralize nhyehyɛe yi baeɛ akyi a wɔnyaa nsɛmmɔne wɔ 2022 mu bere a centralized EW akwan no antumi mmua drone bɔne a ɛba bebree so ntɛm defense.info defense.info. Seesei, combined-arms battalion biara betumi anya ne de anti-drone akuw. Russia asraafo nhyehyɛe “asakra kɛse wɔ drone ho mmɔdenbɔ ase,” sɛnea nhwehwɛmu bi ka – fi soro so, gyina hɔ, na ɛyɛ den ho banbɔ kɔ ahyehyɛde a wɔatɔ so, a wɔabɔ ho ban ahorow a wɔde kinetic ne electronic countermeasures bom wɔ fam <a href="https://defense.info/re-shaping-defense-security/20defense.info defense.info. Sɛ́bɛ, wɔ 2025 mu no, Rɔhyiafoɔ motorized rifle battalion bi bɛtumi akɔ akɔka ho: Tor-M2 SAM akɔtɔdeɛ mmienu a wɔde bɔ UAVs no, EW truck (te sɛ Borisoglebsk-2 anaa Lever-AV) a wɔde bɔ nkɔmmɔ a ɛwɔ ɛhe no ho ban, Silok anaa Volnorez units kakra a wɔde bɛka tank companies ho de bɛyɛ ntɛm ntɛm drone ho ban, ne snipers anaa machine-gunners a wɔakɔtɔ nsa so sɛ wɔbɛtow drone so sɛ biribiara antumi. Drones no ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ incoming mortar fire foforɔ – ɛwɔ baabiara, ɛhia sɛ wopɛ ho hwɛ daa na woyɛ ntɛm ntɛm de bɔ ho ban anaa de jam.
Ɔhwɛ Base ne Infrastructure Ho Banbɔ: Bere a wɔbɔɔ Russia mmirika (te sɛ August 2022 a Saky airbase wɔ Crimea so boaboaee ne December 2022 a wɔde drone bɔɔ Engels bomber base so), Russia huu sɛ akyi akyirikyiri beae no yɛ hare ma drones a wɔtumi tu akyirikyiri. 2022 awieeɛ ne 2023 mu no, wɔbɛhyɛɛ saa mmeae no den. Fa airbases a ɛwɔ Russia mu akyirikyiri ho nhwɛ: Ukraine kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔtumi bɔ saa mmeae no so de drones a wɔayɛ wɔn ho. Sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛbɔ ho ban no, Russia de SAM batteries pii hyɛɛ beae titiriw no ho na de Pantsir-S1 units sii tarmac no so pɛpɛɛpɛ de bɔ fam fam kwan so ban. Wɔ Engels airbase (a ɛwɔ Ukraine ho 500 km), satellite mfonini kyerɛɛ sɛ Pantsir rehwɛ bomber gyinabea no so akyi a drone bi bɔɔ strategic bombers no. Oil refineries ne fuel depots a ɛwɔ abɔnten mpɔtam hɔ no, mpɛn pii wɔde perimeter anti-drone systems ahyɛ ho – ɛbɛyɛ Pantsir/Tor de ntɛm so mmuaeɛ anaa EW systems de bɔ GPS ne control signals ho ban. Biribi a ɛda ho adi ne sɛ wɔde counter-UAV akodeɛ ahyɛ beae a ɛyɛ adwuma ma nnipa ho. April 2025 mu no, wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ “adwumayɛbea a ɛyɛ adwuma ma nnipa 60% kɔsi 80% wɔ Russia no de banbɔ atadeɛ ahyɛ wɔn beae ho de bɔ UAV bɔne ho ban” szru.gov.ua. Saa amanneɛ yi, a Russia tech industry amanneɛbɔ kyerɛɛ, kyerɛ sɛ adwumayɛbea a ɛyɛ adwuma ma nnipa nso gye drone bɔne ho ban di fɛw. Saa banbɔ yi kɔ so de radar+jammer a wɔde si adwumayɛbea atifi (sɛ power plant bi a, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔde 360° surveillance radar ne directional jammer turret de gyina hɔ bɔ drone bɔne ho ban). Russia aban frɛɛ adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ energy, chemicals, ne transportation mu sɛ wɔmfa sika gu saa banbɔ system yi so, esuro sɛ drones betumi abɔ wɔn ho bɔne anaa atirimuɔden. Mpɛn pii, agricultural beae a ɛho hia paa (te sɛ nnuaba nketewa a wɔde sie anaa aduane a wɔde yɛ adwuma beae) nso wɔde anti-drone system ahyɛ ho wɔ mpɔtam bi en.iz.ru – kyerɛ sɛ Russia nsusuw ho sɛ ɛnyɛ military drones nkutoo na ɛyɛ asɛm, na mmom UAV biara a ɛbɛtumi abɔ sika adwumayɛbea anaa nnipa ho ban no nso.
Ɔhaw a ɛda hɔ a wɔde yɛ adwuma wɔ fie mu de bɔ ho ban fi drone ho ne Russia adwuma a wɔyɛ de bɔ Crimea Bridge (Kerch Bridge) ho ban – ɛyɛ ade a ɛho hia na ɛkyerɛ nsɛmpa a Ukraine de drone ne nneɛma a ɛbɔ pa so atwa ho ahyia. Wɔka sɛ Russia de boat-detecting radars, EW systems, ne SAMs a wɔahyɛ ho ban ahyia abɔ abɔnten no ho ban. Saa ara nso na, wɔ mpɔtam mantam te sɛ Belgorod, Bryansk, ne Kursk (a Ukraine drone abɛto hɔ mpɛn pii), mpanyimfo wɔ hɔ asiesie “anti-drone squads” ne anhwɛfo a wɔhwɛ so. Wɔ Belgorod kurow mu, wɔahu sɛ polisfo de anti-drone guns gu wɔn kar so de bɛtumi atwa ho ahyia ntɛm so sɛ wɔbɛka sɛ quadcopter bi wɔ soro. Kursk mantam so, drones atwa airfield ne oil terminal ho ahyia; fi saa bere no, wɔde AD units a wɔbɔ abɔnten ho ban ne EW a ɛma nsɛnhunu (GPS disruptions, ne nneɛma foforo) abɛyɛ den wɔ hɔ. Wɔhunu sɛ Volnorez jammer a wɔde gu kar so wɔ Kursk (ansana wɔbɛbue no mpo) na Ukrainian commando team bi na wohuu no – ɛkyerɛ sɛ Russia de countermeasures a ɛyɛ den rehyɛ mpɔtam a ɛyɛ den no ho ban armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com. Volnorez a wɔde gu T-80 tanks so wɔ Ukraine – a tanks no de cage armor ne jammer a ne bo yɛ 13 kg no – kyerɛ sɛ drone ho ban abɛyɛ ade a ɛho hia paa ma unit biara a ɛpɛ nkwa armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com. Sɛ Volnorez de nsɛnhunu bɔ soro a ɛbubu FPV drone biara control link wɔ ne mmirika a ɛto so 100–200 m a ɛbɛn no no, ɛbɛyɛ electronic shield a ɛda tank no ho, ma drones a wɔreba no bubu fam anaa wɔn tumi sa ansa na wɔbɛka tank no ho armyrecognition.com armyrecognition.com. Saa point-defense jamming yi betumi ayɛ sɛ wɔde rehyɛ frontline vehicles foforo so (nkɔmɔ bɔ sɛ T-72B3 ne T-90M tanks foforo nso rehu drone jammers a wɔde rehyɛ wɔn so) bulgarianmili
“Drone Dome” wɔ Moscow so: Baabi a Russia de ne ho ato so sen biara sɛ ɔbɛyɛ dɛn agye ne man fi drone bɔmbɔ no ne ne kurow titiriw. Ɛda bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa a esii May 2023 mu – bere a drones bɔɔ adan bebree wɔ Moscow – na Kremlin no yɛɛ ntɛm de hyɛɛ mu sɛ bɛhyɛ kurow no ho abɔnten a atitiriw a wɔde bɔ ho ban. Ɛkɔsi August 2025, anti-aircraft beae 50 na wɔasi wɔ Moscow ne ne ho akyirikyiri mu de bɔɔ abɔnten a ɛkɛsemilitaeraktuell.at. Eyi de, ɛma Soviet bere so Moscow Air Defense Zone no bɛsan aba bio, nanso wɔde nneɛma foforo a ɛda so reba no ho. Sɛnea Militär Aktuell bɔ ho amanneɛ no, Pantsir-S1 ne SAM beae foforo no wɔ akyirikyiri a ɛbɛn 5–7 km biara wɔ abɔnten a ɛkɛse a ɛwɔ 15–50 km fi kurow no mfinimfinimilitaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at. Esiane sɛ asase no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ Moscow ho na mmepɔw nni ho nti, asraafo no de abɔnten dade a ne tenten yɛ mita 20 ne platform a wɔama so de si Pantsir system no so – na ɛboa ma wɔn radar betumi ahu drones a ɛretu fam a ɛda asase ho pɛpɛɛpɛ no yiemilitaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at. Beae bi nso, wɔde atifi a wɔde yɛɛ biribi foforo (te sɛ asase a wɔde guu hye, anaa mmepɔw ketewa) ne ramps a wɔde sii hɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ somilitaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at.
Wɔ kurow no mu, sɛnea wɔaka no, mpɛn pii na Pantsir-S1 ahorow mmiɛnsa da hɔ daa wɔ dan atifi a ɛbɛn Kremlin no so: baako wɔ MoD dan no atifi a ɛbɛn Moscow Asubɔnten no, baako wɔ Interior Ministry dan a ɛwɔ Red Square atifi fam, na baako wɔ education ministry dan a ɛwɔ kurow no mfinimfini atɔeɛ militaeraktuell.at militaeraktuell.at. Eyinom da hɔ pefee – Muscovites de mfonini a wɔfaa missile launchers no a ɛda dan so no kyɛ, kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a ɛda so reba militaeraktuell.at. Medium- ne long-range SAMs no yɛ akyirikyiri ho banbɔ: open-source nkyerɛmu fi 2023 mfiase kyerɛ sɛ S-300/S-400 launchers bɛboro 24 na ɛda Moscow ho, ka ho S-350 Vityaz ahorow foforo ne mpo ultra-long-range S-500 Prometheus a ɛwɔ kakra bi militaeraktuell.at. Banbɔ biara yɛ de kyerɛ atamfo ahorow a ɛyɛ fɛfɛɛfɛ (ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, jets, ne drones). Nanso, Moscow banbɔ no de adwene si drones ketewa a ɛnantew fam so nnɛ – ɛte sɛ nea ɛbɛtumi atwitwa S-400 radars kɛse no ho. Ɛno nti na Pantsir banbɔ no a ɛdɔɔso ne jamming no ho hia.
Elektronika hoɔdenam no ayɛ den wɔ kuropɔn no mu nso. Efi afe 2016, GPS spoofing a ɛda Kremlin ho no ama drones a wɔde ba no ho adwene abu (abɔfo a wɔkɔɔ Red Square no huu sɛ wɔn map apps no reyɛ nsɛnhunu – ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bere a asomdwoe wom anti-drone mmɔdenbɔ). Afei a 2023 asɛm no sii no, wɔka sɛ Russia telecom ahyehyɛdefo de Pole-21 nodes pii ahyɛ Moscow ho de bɔ GPS jamming kɛse bi ho ban defense.info defense.info. Wɔde akyɛde a ɛbɛtumi ahu drone radio frequencies ama polisfo; kurow no mpo susuw sɛ wɔbɛfa drone ho dwumfo a wɔyɛ ho adwene sɛ “drone spotters” a wɔbɛboa. Nnipa nnim nsɛm no nyinaa, nanso yebetumi aka sɛ Ruselectronics EW systems bebree (SERP, Lesochek, ne afoforo a ɛyɛ wɔn dea) wɔ hɔ de bɔ Moscow wim ho ban. Ampa ara, Russia mpanyimfo kae sɛ mfe 2025 mfinimfini no, 80% Moscow mu ahyehyɛde titiriw nyae anti-drone ban bi, na ahodoɔ nyinaa a ɛyɛ aban adan titiriw no so wɔ ban a wɔahyɛ mu pa ara tadviser.com militaeraktuell.at.
Nanso, saa mmɔdenbɔ yi nyinaa akyi, Ukrainefo drones tumi kɔfa mu bere bi – kyerɛ sɛ ban biara nni ho a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Drones bɔɔ Moscow business district mu wɔ 2023 ne 2024, bɔɔ high-rise adan ho (mpaebo ketewa na ɛyɛɛ, nanso ɛde anidie kɛse bae). Eyi kyerɛ sɛ baabi ketewa bi da hɔ a ban no nni ho, anaa drones no de wɔn ho kɔe wɔ waypoints so (ɛyɛ den sɛ wobɛ jam no). Eyi ma Moscow da ho so; sɛnea CEPA adwene bi kae no, “ɛwom sɛ ɛho tebea foforo aba, nanso 100% ban renyɛ yiye da” na Russia kuropɔn no nni pɛpɛɛpɛ drone ho ban cepa.org. Russia asraafo gye tom, nanso wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛma ban no so dɔɔso na ɛbɛma nkɔsoɔ a drones bɛyɛ no ayɛ ketewa. Moscow ban no ntetee ntɛm – sɛnea wɔbɔ flak curtain a ɛyɛ mpuntuo a ɛda kurow a nnipa 12 million te mu ho ban wɔ nna kakra mu – nni nsɛmmisa sɛ ɛyɛ ade a ɛnsi da wɔ bere a atwam no mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ Russia de drone ho ɔhaw no bɔ mmɔden paa wɔ ne man mu.
Ban no Mfaso ne Nsɛnnennen a ɛreba
Ɛhe na Russia de wɔn anti-drone systems yɛ adwuma pa ara? Nsɛm no yɛ kɔkɔɔ ne tuntum na ɛda so reyɛ nsakrae bere a “adaptation ne counter-adaptation” rekɔ so defense.info defense.info. Bere a ɔko no fii ase no, Russia antwɛn Ukraine drone nsɛmma nhyehyɛe no, na wɔyerae pii. Efi saa bere no, wɔabɔ wɔn ho ban yie wɔ drone ho – drones a Ukraine de bɔ Russia so no, bebree no, Russia tumi kyere anaa ɛnnya nsɛm a ɛho hia. Russiafo mpɛn pii ka sɛ wɔkyere drones a Ukraine de bɔ Crimea so no nyinaa, anaa wɔyɛ wɔn dɛm. Atitiriwfo a wɔwɔ atɔe so nso ahu sɛ Russia interception rate wɔ drones bi so akɔ soro yie esiane sɛ wɔde EW ne air defense ahorow ahyia ano defense.info defense.info. Systems foforo te sɛ CRAB, SERP, ne wearable jammers a wɔde bae no, ɛbɛyɛ a agye nkwa wɔ front no so, ama Ukraine drone bɔne no ayɛ den ma wɔn sika so (Ukraine ntumi mfa sika to drones bebree a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ kakra pɛ na ɛkɔfa biribi). Sɛ 2025 adesua bi kyerɛe no, Russia asraafo da “tactical learning” kɛse adi, fi “drone warfare mu akyirefo wɔ 2022 mfiase mu kɔsi sɛ wɔyɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔte ho ase yie wɔ 2025.” defense.info defense.info Bere biara a abosome kakra twa, wɔde gadget foforo anaa nsɛmma foforo ba de ko drone bɔne foforo ho – nanso, nea ɛho hia ne sɛ, Russia da so yɛ adaptation cycle baako akyi Ukraine nsɛmma foforo ho defense.info defense.info. Ukraine hu baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛ (sɛ fiber-optic guided drones a jamming ntumi nka ho, anaa drones a wɔbɔ EW units ho), na wɔde di dwuma, na Russia de biribi foforo bɛto ho de kata ho. Sɛ nhwɛso,sɛ Ukraine fii de drones a wonni RF emissions (wɔde pre-programmed routes anaa tethered control) reyɛ adwuma no, Russia EW yɛɛ dinn, na ɛmaa Russia fii asehwehwɛ fiber-optic drones de wɔn ankasa na wɔde kɔɔ so de boaa kinetic interception defense.info defense.info so.
Ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ Russia anya nsɛm a ɛyɛ animguase: Sɛnea wɔakyerɛ no, Silok jammer a wɔde bɔɔ ho ban sɛ ɛbɛma drones atwa wɔn ho ahyia no, ɛyɛɛ sɛ drones na wɔkɔhwehwɛɛ wɔn. Ukraine asraafo de anigye kyerɛɛ nsɛm a nkuto ketewa a wɔde gyina ho no de grenades guu high-tech jammer so pɛpɛɛpɛ, na ɛmaa wɔn antumi nnyɛ adwuma bio ukrainetoday.org ukrainetoday.org. Bere biara a saa asɛm no sii no, ɛyɛɛ Ukraine de nkonim wɔ ɔko no mu ne propaganda so (ɛkyerɛ sɛ $1000 drone betumi adi nkonim wɔ million-ruble system so). Wɔkyeree Krasukha-4 ne CRAB a ɛyɛ system a ɛyɛ den no maa Ukraine (ne NATO) tumi nya adwene sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ counter-countermeasures. Ɛkyerɛ pefee sɛ anti-drone ko no ayɛ sɛ drone ko no ara pɛ – ɛyɛ ɔko a ɛda so a akyirikyiri biara pɛ sɛ ɔnya nkonim kakra.
Russia ho dɔɔso a ɔde yɛ adwuma – de elektroniki ne ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ ho ban bɔ mu – ɛyɛ ɔkwan pa a asraafo nimdefo gye di. CNAS amanneɛbɔ foforo bi kae sɛ, adwuma a wɔde bɔ drone ho ban “yɛ sen de a ɛyɛ air defense pɛ” na ɛnyɛ air defense asraafo nkutoo na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no cnas.org understandingwar.org. Russia nsa aka saa asɛm no: wɔhwehwɛɛ sɛ EW adwumayɛfo, air defense asraafo, asraafo a wɔwɔ akode foforo, ne adwumayɛfo a wɔbɔ beae ho ban (de drone net ne cage) bɛboa ma wɔtumi tia drone ho ɔhaw no. Russia mmuae no kɛse kyerɛ biribi. Mfe 2025 mfinimfini no, wɔrekyerɛkyerɛ nnipa bebree a wɔbɛyɛ “drone hunters” – nnipa ne teknologifo. Wɔka sɛ Rostec asew adwumayɛbea no reyɛ adwuma dennen de pue anti-drone gun, EW ade, ne de counter-UAV nsɛm foforo rehyɛ adwumakuo a ɛwɔ hɔ dada mu (sɛ nhwɛso, T-90M tank foforo a wɔrebo no betumi aba a wɔde UAV radar ne jammer ahyɛ mu dada). Rostec mpanyimfo aka ho asɛm pefee sɛ, “Rostec nsa ano adwuma a wɔde bɔ UAV ho ban” rekɔ so reboro so, mpanyimfo bi kae, na ɔkyerɛɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛbɛtumi aboa “civilian ne military UAVs” na wɔde nsɛm a ɛbɛtumi atena abɔfo a wɔpɛ ho (sɛ nhwɛso, security adwumakuo bi a ɛyɛ ɔmanfo pɛ detection na ɛmpɛ jamming nyinaa) rostec.ru rostec.ru. “Sapsan-Bekas no mu mfaso titiriw baako ne sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛbɛtumi atena abɔfo ho… ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛyɛ no sɛnea abɔfo pɛ,” na Oleg Evtushenko, Rostec Executive Director, kae rostec.ru rostec.ru. Ampa, Sapsan-Bekas a ɛyɛ mobile system no yɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtumi de ne nkyɛmu foforo atɔn ma energy companies de bɛhunu drone pɛ, anaa de kɔma asraafo a wɔde jamming ne radar ahyɛ mu nyinaa rostec.ru rostec.ru. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ counter-drone teknɔlɔgyi abɛyɛ adwumakuo kɛse wɔ Russia.
Náno, Russia de anti-drone akwan no dɔɔso na ɛreyɛ den sen dada no da biara. Ɛkɔ fi 8-wheeled electronic “buzzers” a wɔde bɔ ɔsoro ho brɛbrɛw akɔ akyirikyiri, kɔsi shoulder-fired missiles ne cannons a wɔde bɛtumi abubu drones fi ɔsoro mu, ne adwene pa so nsiesie te sɛ electronic backpacks ne net-casting drones a wɔde bɔ ho ban paa. Amanneɛ ne mmirika a wɔde reyɛ saa adwuma yi so no, ɛnyɛ asɛm ketewa – Russia asraafo no ahyɛ wɔn ho sɛ drones ketewa yɛ ɔhaw foforo a ɛte sɛ rockets ne artillery, enti wɔresesa wɔn nhoma ne wɔn akodeɛ ho nsiesie. Na sɛ wɔreyɛ saa no, Ukraine asraafo nso resesa wɔn ho bio, na ɛyɛ biribi a ɛkɔ so da biara. Eyi nti, ko a ɛda drones ne anti-drones ntam no abɛyɛ baako a ɛkyerɛ Ukraine ko no ho ade kɛse.
Ɔmanfo bi a ɔwɔ Russia kae sɛ ko no yɛ “drone ko” sen biribiara, na “ɛyɛ baabi a wɔresɔ drone ko ho hwɛ dennen sen bere biara” wɔ wiase a ɛma wɔresɔ countermeasures ho hwɛ dennen ara defense.info defense.info. Russia nsiesie biara – sɛ ɛyɛ jammer foforo, missile foforo, anaa laser – Ukraine bɛhunu ntɛm na wɔbɛsua ho ade, na saa ara na Russia nso yɛ. Ɛkɔ anim no, yebetumi ahwɛ Russia sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ho bo bio wɔ integration (de nsiesie no nyinaa bɔ bom ma adwuma no yɛ den), automation (de AI bɛtumi ahu drone bɔne ntɛm na ahyehyɛ wɔn ho), ne cost-swap favorability (bɛyɛ interceptors a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛnyɛ sika so dodo sɛ wobubu drone bi sen sɛ wobɛto bi). Kremlin botae ne sɛ wɔbɛma drone attack no ayɛ kwa anaa ɛnyɛ mfaso kɛse. Ɛkɔsi 2025 awieeɛ no, wɔnnnya ban a obi ntumi mfa drone mmfa – drones biara tumi fa mu na ɛyɛ anwonwasɛm – nanso wɔabɔ ban a ɛyɛ den na ɛwɔ nsakrae bebree a ɛboa ma nneɛma ne nkwa dodow no ara gye ho fi ɔsoro haw no mu. Wɔ drone ne anti-drone ko yi mu, Russia abɛdan ne man mu bebree ayɛ high-tech ban tenten, “ban kɛse wɔ ɔsoro,” ɛwom sɛ ko no nnya awiei da.
Mmara: Russia Ministry of Defense ne wɔn manmufoɔ anaafoɔ nsɛm; Rostec ne Ruselectronics nsɛm a wɔde bɔɔ amanneɛ rostec.ru rostec.ru; anammɔn a asraafoɔ a wɔnto mu ne wɔn a wogyee ho adanseɛ de too hɔ ukrainetoday.org defense.info; Reuters ne amanamanfoɔ nsɛm a wɔde bɔɔ amanneɛ reuters.com theguardian.com; adwene a adwumayɛfoɔ wɔ ho fi Forbes, CSIS, ne asraafoɔ adwene-gyinaeɛ kuropɔn mu ukrainetoday.org defense.info. Saa mmara yi ma nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ Russia counter-drone nsɛmpɛ ne faako a wɔde guare, ne nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔko a ɛrekɔ so no mu.
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